v v dimethyl sulfoxide dmso vehicle control  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: Development (Cambridge, England)

Article Title: Transmural pressure signals through retinoic acid to regulate lung branching.

doi: 10.1242/dev.199726

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. RA signaling is downstream of ΔP and Yap. (A-D) Brightfield images (A), X-gal staining in wholemounts or sections (B,C) and quantification of X-gal staining (D) in E11.5 lungs explanted from RARE-lacZ reporter mice cultured in the presence of forskolin or vehicle control (DMSO) for 48 h. P=3.36×10−6 by unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test. (E-H,O) Immunofluorescence analysis for Ecad and EdU (E), quantification of relative proliferation of distal branches (F), immunofluorescence analysis for αSMA and Ecad (G), quantification of the correlation of αSMA staining intensity to epithelial curvature (H), and ratio of smooth muscle wrapping to epithelial proliferation (O) in E11.5 lung explants cultured in the presence of forskolin or vehicle control for 48 h. (I,J) Immunofluorescence analysis for Yap and Ecad (I) and quantification of the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic Yap (J) in the epithelium of lungs cultured in the presence of forskolin or vehicle control for 48 h. ***P=9.64×10−4 by unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test. (K,L) X-gal staining (K) and quantification of total X-gal staining (L) of E11.5 lungs explanted from RARE-lacZ reporter mice cultured in the presence of verteporfin or vehicle control for 24 h. *P=0.0124 by unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test. (M,N) X-gal staining (M) and quantification of epithelial X-gal staining (N) in E11.5 Shh-Cre;Yapfl/fl;RARE-lacZ reporter lung sections and epithelial rudiments or littermate controls; five independent experiments. *P=0.0238 by unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test. Bar graphs represent mean+s.e.m. In box-and- whisker plots, the midline, box, and whiskers represent the median, upper and lower quartiles, and furthest points, respectively, with the whiskers excluding outliers defined as points further than 1.5× interquartile range outside of the box limits. conc., concave; conv., convex; epi., epithelial; KO, knockout; mes., mesenchymal; n/c, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio; ns, not significant. Scale bars: 500 µm (A,B,K); 200 µm (C); 25 μm (E); 250 μm (G, first row); 50 μm (G, second row, I,M, bottom row); 100 μm (M, top row).

Article Snippet: Explants were treated with BMS493 (1 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), nitrofen (5 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), forskolin (5 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), verteporfin (2 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) vehicle control D E V E LO P M E N T (ATCC), or Fgf1 (1 μg, R&D Systems) or PBS vehicle control.

Techniques: Staining, Cell Culture, Control, Two Tailed Test, Immunofluorescence, Whisker Assay, Knock-Out

Journal: Development (Cambridge, England)

Article Title: Transmural pressure signals through retinoic acid to regulate lung branching.

doi: 10.1242/dev.199726

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5. Inhibiting RA decreases branching and ASM wrapping in lung explants. (A) qRT-PCR analysis of Rarb and ASM markers in lung explants cultured in the presence of BMS493 or vehicle control (DMSO) for 48 h. P-values per unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test: Rarb, 2.40×10−14; Acta2, 5.15×10−7; Cnn1, 0.0111; Tagln, 0.00117. Data points represent pooled RNA from two/ three lungs from six independent experiments. (B-E) Brightfield images (B,D) and quantification (C,E) of the number of epithelial branches in E11.5 lung explants treated with BMS493 (B,C) or nitrofen (D,E) or vehicle control for 48 h. P-values per unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test: BMS493, 0.0100; nitrofen, 0.000581. (F-J) Immunofluorescence analysis for Ecad and EdU (F) and quantification of the density of EdU+ epithelial or mesenchymal cells (G), immunofluorescence analysis for αSMA and Ecad (H), quantification of the correlation of αSMA staining intensity to epithelial curvature (I; *P=0.00241 by unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t-test) and ratio of ASM wrapping to epithelial proliferation (J; **P=0.00230 by a permutation test) in E11.5 lung explants cultured in the presence of BMS493 or vehicle control for 48 h. Data are mean+s.e.m. In box-and- whisker plots, the midline, box, and whiskers represent the median, upper and lower quartiles, and furthest points, respectively, with the whiskers excluding outliers defined as points further than 1.5× interquartile range outside of the box limits. Scale bars: 50 μm (F,H, bottom row); 500 μm (B,D,H, top row).

Article Snippet: Explants were treated with BMS493 (1 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), nitrofen (5 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), forskolin (5 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), verteporfin (2 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) vehicle control D E V E LO P M E N T (ATCC), or Fgf1 (1 μg, R&D Systems) or PBS vehicle control.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Cell Culture, Control, Two Tailed Test, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Whisker Assay